Thursday, July 13, 2023

Language Of Confusion: -Press, Redux, Part I

Yes, another redo! I think the last time I did this one, it was only one week and I missed some words, so it’s worth doing it up to my current standards.
 
Press showed up in the fourteenth century as both a noun and a verb, with the verb meaning to press against something, while the noun meant a crowd. It also started to mean a machine for printing in the sixteenth century, and then printed matter, and then by the nineteenth century also referred to journalism as well—a rather sensible evolution. The word comes from the Old French presser, from the classical Latin pressare (to press), past participle of the verb premere, to press. Confusing, yes, but basically it’s like pressare is to pressed, if you get my meaning. It’s from the Proto Indo European root per-, which has many homophones, including the origin of per-, but in this case means to strike. I guess when you press something, you’re striking it? Not really but kind of?
 
And now pressure. Don’t expect much variation here. It showed up in the late fourteenth century, but only as a noun meaning suffering or anguish, not meaning physical pressure until a few decades later. Oh, and the verb, like to pressure someone, didn’t show up until 1886! Can you believe it’s that recent? Anyway, it’s from the Old French presseure, from the classical Latin pressura, just pressure, and that’s from pressare.
 
Then there’s all the words that press is the suffix in. Compress showed up in the late fourteenth century, from the Old French compresser, Late Latin compressus, and classical Latin compressare, to compress. That’s the frequentative of comprimere, to compress, so compressare is the wrestle to comprimere’s to wrest. The prefix com- means with or together, making compress to press together.
 
Impress also showed up in the late fourteenth century and has a very similar origin. It’s from the classical Latin impressus, impressed, from imprimere, to impress. The im- is from en, which means… in. Impress is to press in. It makes more sense for the literal meaning of impression, but you can see it for the figurative one too.
 
And of course there’s express. It also showed up in the late fourteenth century, from the Old French espresser/expresser (it was Italian that gave us espresso). That’s from the Medieval Latin expressare, from the classical Latin exprimere, to express, where the ex- means out, so the word is to press out. And then expression, like someone has on their face. It originally meant the act of pressing out (its literal meaning), but also meant manifesting a feeling. It’s from the classical Latin expressionem, which I’m sure you’ve guessed is from exprimere.
 
Finally today, depress and all the words related to it. It showed up in the late fourteenth century, but it only meant to conquer, changing to mean to press down physically in the early fifteenth century, the feeling in the seventeenth century, and the economic sense in the late nineteenth century (depression originally showed up in the fifteenth century as an astronomical term, not meaning what we call depression until the mid seventeenth century). It comes from the Old French depresser, Late Latin depressare, and classical Latin deprimere, to depress, with the de- meaning down. Yes, depression is certainly pressing down on you.
 
Sources
Online Etymology Dictionary
Google Translate
Omniglot
University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center
University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language
Dictionary of Medieval Latin
Orbis Latinus

3 comments:

  1. And then there is press into service.

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  2. I'm impressed you didn't suppress the urge to press on with this pressured post!

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  3. Press as crowd makes me think of crush as crowd. I've been reading a lot of historical fiction lately...

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