Language Of Confusion: -Sure, Redux

Doing another redo this week because… why not?
 
Sure, which really should have an H in there, showed up in the early thirteenth century meaning safe or secure before morphing to mean reliable, then confident, then resolute, and finally in 1803 meaning “yes”. It comes from the Old French seur/sur, safe, and that’s from the classical Latin securus, secure, which, yeah, is the origin word for secure. The reason for the sh- thing is thought to be because it was originally pronounced syu-, and I’m guessing sh- was easier to say and no one bothered to update the spelling.
 
Insure showed up in the mid fifteenth century as insuren, a variant of ensuren, which, yeah, is ensure. Both words come from the Anglo French enseurer, from the Old French ensurer, where the prefix en-, which means make here, and of course the rest is from sure. Insure and ensure are to make something secure, which, yeah, totally accurate. What a sensible etymology.
 
Finally, assure. It showed up in the late fourteenth century, coming from the Old French asseurer, and before that the Vulgar Latin assecurar. The prefix is from ad-, which means to, and with the rest coming from secure, the word is “to secure to”. How shockingly sensible. And then there’s reassure, which showed up in the late sixteenth century. No big mystery here. The re- means again, plus assure—to assure again. Or parsing it out even further, to secure to again.
 
Sources
Online Etymology Dictionary
Google Translate
Omniglot
University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Fordham University

The Language of Confusion: Shugar

Isn’t the word sugar weird? And sure? We pronounce it “sh” but there’s no H! They’re dogs, but they’re playing poker!

Anyway, what is the reason behind this mysterious fit of pronunciation? Or is it just one of the many things that was pronounced one way a thousand years ago and people kept it even though the spelling changed and it became nonsensical (because that never happens)?

Sugar—the substance, not the word—has been traced back to New Guinea (north of Australia) sometime around 9000 BCE. It spread to India around 500 BCand stayed a closely guarded secret until Arab expansion over a thousand yearslater in 642 CE. That’s how important it was. People kept their lips zipped until they were unzipped by force! And it didn’t spread to Europe until five hundred years after that, during the Crusades.

Being the spice that controls the universe, the word stayed surprisingly similar among most languages. It begins with a s or z sound, has a hard consonant like k or g in the middle, and has an r sound at the end. It ranges from zucker in German, to sheqer in Albanian, seker in Turkish, azucar in Spanishand sukari in Swahili. Yes, I know these are all in the Europe/Asia area. I haven’t learned non-Latin letters. Yet.

In English, the word sugar first appeared in the late thirteenth century, adapted from the Old Frenchsucre  and traced back to the Medieval Latinsuccarum and the Arabic sukkar. It might go back further, but because the Arabs were the first to spread the substance, it’s possible their word also took. In Indonesia  and Malaysia, where the substance was first cultivated, both languages use the word gula for sugar.

But that leaves us with the mysterious “sh” sound. In Old French, sure is sure or seur. That would have been pronounced like “se-yure,” and English kept the y influenced pronunciation. They just softened it to a “sh.” Apparently, the same thing happened with sugar.

References

Etymology Online for the information on sugar and sure.

The University of Texas-Austin’s College of Liberal Arts’ introduction to Old French.

John Garger’s article at Bright Hub

Google Translate for its many variations of sugar.

For the history of sugar:

Florida Crystals’ timeline on the history of sugar.

Essortment’s page on the history of sugar.

Sugar Knowledge International Ltd.’s page on the history of sugar.

And of course, The Simpsonsfor giving us about eleven laugh-full years. Plus another fourteen or so.