Language Of Confusion: Take Your Seats, Part V

Whoo, this one is still going. Look, there are a lot of words that come from the Proto Indo European sed-, to sit. Some of them even have to do with sitting! Not so much this week, though.

You know what’s from sed-? Séance. Not making that up. It showed up in 1789 meaning a sitting or session, (not meaning the spiritualist thing until 1845) from the French séance, which means sitting or meeting. The verb form is seoir, to sit, from the classical Latin sedere, which as I’ve mentioned every week means to sit, and is from sed-. So it means session, and spiritualists decided to use it probably because French was fancy.

Next, siege, which makes sense since I mentioned last week how sess- are related siege. Now we can look at the word itself. It showed up in the early thirteenth century just meaning a seat. Apparently because an attacking army would be “sitting down” in front of a fortress, the word came to be used in a militaristic sense, which then morphed it to the definition we use for it. Anyway, it’s from the Old French sege, seat or throne, from the Vulgar Latin sedicum, seat. And that one’s from sedere, so there’s that.

That one kind of made sense, right? Well, how about size? Yes, really. It showed up in the fourteenth century meaning an ordinance to fix the amount of a payment or tax. Seriously. See, in from the Old French sise, and that word is actually short for assise, session, assessment, regulation, or manner. That’s from the verb asseoir (looks like seoir, doesn’t it?), which means to cause to sit. You know how you size something up? That’s what it means. In English, it became the amount/volume of something, and in the late sixteenth century meant the dimensions of something for sale, then shortly after that it became to make something a certain size or classify by size. But asseoir is from the classical Latin assidere/adsidere, to sit beside, which I actually mentioned last week as being the origin of assess. The ad- means to, and the rest is from sedere, and the word means “to sit next to”. Yeah. None of this makes sense.

And now soil, because this has to keep getting weirder. Soil showed up in the early thirteenth century, first as a verb meaning to pollute with sin and then later as a noun meaning land. The verb is from the Old French soillier, to splatter with mud, from souil, a pigsty or wallow. That’s from Latin, either the word solium, seat or bath tub, or from suculus, pig. The noun has a slightly different origin, coming from the Anglo French soil, piece of ground, from the Old French words sol, ground or soil, and soeul/sueil, area or place. It’s the latter word that’s from solium, which means it’s also from sed-, meaning soil has four possible origin words, two of which aren’t related. But maybe they are!

Now for something slightly different. Soot doesn’t have any French of Latin in it at all, but it’s still from sed-! It comes from the Old English sot, soot, from the Proto Germanic sotam, also soot, basically meaning something that settles down, which I guess soot does. That word is from the Proto Indo European sodo-, which is a suffix form of sed-. So because soot settles, it’s soot. I think that might be the only sed- word that’s Germanic in origin. Isn’t that weird?

Finally today is see. But not see like you looking at stuff. There’s another one. Have you ever heard of something, like the Vatican, referred to as a “Holy see”? That version of see is unique in origin. It showed up in the fourteenth century meaning the throne of a bishop, archbishop, or pope. It’s from the Old French sie, seat or throne, from the classical Latin sedem, seat, which of course is from sedere and sed-. It being a homonym for see is just one big coincidence.

Sources

Online Etymology Dictionary

Google Translate

Omniglot

University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center

University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language

Tony Jebson’s page on the Origins of Old English

Encyclopaedia Britannica

Fordham University

Language of Confusion: The Outside World

I mean stuff that’s outside. I really couldn’t think of a clever name for this one.

Tree comes from the Old English treo/treow, which means tree, but can also mean wood, timber, log—pretty much anything made out of trees. Amusingly enough, back when Old English had turned into Middle English and treo became tree, there was also a plural for the word: treen. You can’t tell me that’s not hilarious. It comes from the Proto Germanic treuwaz and further back, the Proto Indo European drew-o-, so it’s been relatively stable throughout the past six thousand or so years. It’s also worth mentioning that drew-o- is also the origin word for the word true. Seriously!

Forest on the other hand showed up in the late thirteenth century, usually used as a word for a tree covered area reserved for royalty to go hunt in. It comes from the Old French forest, which just means forest, and it came from either the Late/Medieval Latin phrase forestem silvam, which was to denote royal forests like above, or it comes from the Medieval Latin forestis, which meant something like a game preserve and came from the classical Latin forum (which shockingly enough means forum). Of course, no one’s sure which one of those is right, or if it’s something else entirely.

Grass comes from the Old English graes/gaers, which can mean grass or herb or plant. Further back, it’s the Proto Germanic grasan and Proto Indo European ghre-, which I mentioned long ago as the origin word for green. Well, that was a fast one.

Now it’s time to get dirty, a pun of which I’m greatly ashamed for making. Dirt showed up in the fifteenth century, coming from the Old Norse drit and Proto Germanic dritan. You might have noticed that the i and the r used to be reversed. Well, in Middle English, it was drit/drytt, but apparently people started saying it wrong (a thing called metathesis) and now we have dirt. There’s also the word earth. It comes from the Old English eorÞe (the Þ just means th—remember last week?), which, much like earth, meant either dirt or the entire planet. Further back it’s the Proto Germanic ertho and Proto Indo European er-, which meant earth or ground.

Finally today, we’re looking at soil, which showed up in the early thirteenth century as a verb meaning to pollute with sin, the fourteenth century as a noun that meant an area of land, and then later in the seventeenth century as a word for dirt and sewage (ew!). It comes from the Old French soillier, to dirty, like with mud. It also meant to wallow, because it comes from the word souil, which is a word for a pigsty, and comes from one of two classical Latin words, solium, which can mean throne or bathtub, or suculus, little pig. So because pigs wallow in mud, we have soil.

Sources

Online Etymology Dictionary

Dictionary.com

Omniglot

Google Translate

University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center

University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language

University of Texas at Arlington

Orbis Latinus

Dictionary of Medieval Latin

Tony Jebson’s page on the Origins of Old English