Language Of Confusion: Apo-logies

 This week, we’ll look at words related to the prefix apo-, which can mean of, from, away from, separate, apart from, or free from, and comes from the Proto Indo European apo- or ap-, which means off or away. Now, I’ve gone over some of the words that begin with the prefix, like apocalypse and apology, but there are tons of other words that are actually from apo- without just being attached to the prefix. And we’re going to check them out!
 
First, of, which I think I’ve gone over before when I looked at prepositions. It comes from the Old English of, which, in a shocking twist, means of. It comes from the Proto Germanic af, which is from apo-. Off is actually from off, believe it or not. It showed up in the thirteenth century, also coming from the Old English of, meaning of and off were the same until English split them up!
 
Next, after, and of course aft. After comes from the Old English aefter, which, you know, means after, though it originally referred to time, as in being behind or later (so what we know it as). But after… happens to also be from the Old English of. They just added -ter to it. Funny enough, aft actually comes from the Old English aeftar, which means behind, but that’s just from of (or aef as it was also spelled).
 
There’s also ebb, which comes from the Old English ebba, which means ebb, or low tide, also thought to descend from the Germanic af. I mean, there have been much crazier words. Like overt, which I did when I looked at words related to were-, as the o- comes from apo-, or aperture, from pretty much the same place.
 
But the really weird one? Awkward. No, that isn’t an attempt at a joke. Awkward showed up in the mid fourteenth century meaning in the wrong direction. Then it started to mean clumsy, then embarrassed or ill at ease, which is what we know it as. The suffix is from the same place as inward and outward (but not any other ward). But the prefix, awk, also meant turned the wrong way when it showed up in the mid fifteenth century, coming from the Old Norse afugr, Proto Germanic afug-, and finally, the PIE apo-. We haven’t used it that way since the seventeenth century, but that’s where it comes from.
 
Sources
Online Etymology Dictionary
Omniglot
University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center
University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language
Tony Jebson’s page on the Origins of Old English
Old English-English Dictionary

Language of Confusion: Prepositions, Part II

More of this, and there are some interesting ones this time. Plus it’s my last etymology post before a solid month of etymology.

I know. I’m happy, too.

Through

Through showed up in the late fourteenth century, coming from the Old English word Þurh underwent metathesis, which basically means metamorphosis, but with sounds and no possibility of superheroes. So Þurh (which would have been pronounced thurh) came into contact with gamma radiation and turned into “thru”. Before that, it was the Proto Germanic thurkh, which sounds like my cat coughing up a hairball, and then the Proto Indo European tere, cross over or overcome. And the word thorough is related, too, its Old English equivalent, Þuruh, descended from Þurh. Because of course it is.

Of

Of comes from the Old English of, which was another way of saying aef, away or away from. So yes, of originally had pretty much the opposite meaning, but was used in Middle English (for some reason) as a translation for foreign words for of, like the classical Latin ex. Oops! We don’t have a good word for this. Let’s just change the meaning of this other word, then! Anyway, before English, it was the Proto Germanic af and Proto Indo European apo, away. Weirdly enough, apo- is still used today as a prefix before Greek words like apogee, which literally translates to “away from earth”, and apology.

For

For comes from the Old English…for, with pretty much the same meaning, and before that, the Proto Germanic fur. Its Proto Indo European ancestor is per-, and yes, that’s the progenitor of per- as well as fore. Per- was even more flexible then than for is now.

From

And the last word we’re looking at today is from, which comes from the Old English fram, which had some things in common with our definition, but more specific to “departure or movement away in time or space”. It comes from the Proto Germanic fra, forward or away from, and Proto Indo European pro-mo-, the pro- part of which gave us, shockingly enough, pro-. Oh, and the weird factoid for this one is that fram gave us the word frame. From and frame are related, fairly closely, too.

That’s it, everybody go home. The language is canceled. You don’t have to go home but you can’t stay here.

Sources

Online Etymology Dictionary

Dictionary.com

Omniglot

University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center

Tony Jebson’s page on the Origins of Old English

University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language

University of Texas at Arlington