Language Of Confusion: Going In Circles, Part I

Back into a multipart series! I’ve actually done the etymology of circle before, but it was long ago enough that it can be done as a refresher. Besides, there are a TON of other words related to it.
 
Circle itself showed up in the fourteenth century from the Old French cercle and classical Latin circulus, which just means circle. And I’m sure everyone has noticed that looks like circus, and there’s a reason for that. Circus showed up in the late fourteenth century where it meant large, open air enclosures for racing, not meaning what we’d call a circus until 1791. Circus was taken from classical Latin, as Romans used the word to refer to circular arenas where performances or contests took place. Circus is related to the Greek kirkos (also circus), which is thought to be from the Proto Indo European sker-. But not the “to cut” sker- we talked about as being the origin of carnage. Because words were stupid even back then, this sker- is completely different, and means to turn or bend.
 
Also related is circuit, which makes sense since a circuit is always supposed to be a closed circle. It showed up in the late fourteenth century, though back then it only referred to the circumference of something, even if it wasn’t circular in shape—no electricity back then, obviously, so they didn’t start using it in that way until 1746. It comes from the Old French circuit, from the classical Latin circuitus, circuit, circumference, or revolution, from the verb circuire/circumire, to go around. It’s why pretty much anything with the prefix circum- involves going around (i.e. circumvent, circumference). Circum literally means around in Latin, and it of course is from circus.
 
Now for some things not obviously related to circle… at least by the spelling. Crown showed up in the early twelfth century, so it’s pretty old. It comes from the Anglo French coroune, Old French corone, and classical Latin corona, which we also use in English. It’s from the Greek korone, crown, and that’s thought to also be from the to bend sker-. Because crowns and circles bend.
 
Sources
Online Etymology Dictionary
Google Translate
Omniglot
University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center
University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language
Fordham University

Language of Confusion: Shapes

Sometimes I really have no ideas on what to etymologize. So I pick some random word and try to find some theme to build around it. This time I saw kind of a square so I’m like…shapes? Have I done that before? And it turns out no, I have not. So here we go!

Square

Square first showed up in the mid thirteenth century, but only as a tool. You know, for measuring right angles...which makes me wonder what they used to make sure the right angle of the tool was in fact a right angle. Imagine that the first one that they used to measure out squares was off by just a little. For centuries, every right angle could have been eighty nine degrees. But I digress. Square the shape actually didn’t come around until the fourteenth century and actually came from the tool. Wow. Anyway, square comes from the Old French esquire/esquarre, and before that the Vulgar Latin exquadra and exquadrare. Those words are a mix of the classical Latin prefix ex-, out, and quadrare, which means to square. Gee, I never would have guessed. And quadrare is actually the origin word for quadrant, too because of course it is.

Circle

Circle showed up in the early fourteenth century actually meaning the shape this time. It comes from the Old French cercle, which means circle or hoop, and the classical Latin circulus, ring. And because they have rings in them is why a circus is a circus.

Cube

Cube is relatively recent, having shown up in the mid sixteenth century. It comes from the Middle French cube and classical Latin cubus—cube, of course—and before that, the Greek kybos. I bet you can’t guess what that means. Anyway, that word can be traced even further back to the Proto Indo European keub, bend or turn. Oh, and apparently we have Greek dice to thank for bend/turn becoming associated with cubes.

Sphere

Sphere showed up in the mid fifteenth century from the Middle English spere. A sphere back then was literally space; like, they thought that the earth was surrounded by a hollow sphere made up of outer space. I guess it made sense to them. Spere comes from the Anglo French espiere and Old French espere, and before that the classical Latin sphaera, sphere. And once again, the Romans took the word from Greek, where it is sphaira, also sphere. Before that, no one knows. Maybe they made it up when they came up with that ridiculous Earth-in-a-space-sphere idea.

Cone

Finally, cone, which has a fairly simple origin. It showed up in the mid sixteenth century from the Middle French cone and classical Latin conus, a cone or helmet peak. That also comes from Greek, where it’s konos, again, cone, and possibly before that the Proto Indo European ko, to sharpen. You know, since cones are sharp. Oh, and I’m not doing triangle. I’m assuming you know what tri + angle adds up to.

TL;DR: The Greeks named the shapes. And all squares could be off. Shut up, it might be true. Go measure all of them and prove it’s not.

Sources

Online Etymology Dictionary

Google Translate

Omniglot

University of Texas at Austin Linguistic Research Center

University of Texas at San Antonio’s page on Proto Indo European language

University of Texas at Arlington

University of Ottawa, Canada

Fordham University

Encyclopaedia Britannica